Information

**Fundamentals of Information and Communication**:
– Information is a selection from a domain that must be known by both sender and receiver.
– Digital information consists of number sequences representing selections from a domain.
– Information theory involves quantification, storage, and communication of information.
– Key figures in information theory include Harry Nyquist, Ralph Hartley, and Claude Shannon.
– Information is connected to concepts like constraint, communication, and knowledge.
– Information can be encoded for transmission, encrypted for security, and measured using units like bits and nats.
– Technological advancements have led to the Information Age, increasing storage and transmission capacities significantly.

**Information Management and Data Handling**:
– Forecasted global data was expected to reach 64.2 zettabytes in 2020, projected to exceed 180 zettabytes by 2025.
– ISO 15489 standard defines records as evidence and information.
– Proper data management supports corporate governance requirements.
– Information technology, systems, and science focus on managing the information cycle.
– Information security protects data from unauthorized access and ensures data quality for specific goals.

**Semiotics and Information Classification**:
– Information is classified by Michael Buckland into processes, knowledge, and things.
– Signs are analyzed through pragmatics, semantics, syntax, and empirics.
– Semantics studies the meaning of messages in communication.
– Pragmatics focuses on communication purpose and intentions.
– Syntax deals with the formalism of representing messages.

**Physics, Determinism, and Information Science**:
– Determinism predicts future events based on past and present knowledge.
– Quantum physics encodes information as a wave function.
– Information theory has applications in ecological models and the understanding of physical states.
– The universe’s determinism is debated in classical and quantum physics.
– Probabilities and unique variable sets are linked to information in deterministic theories.

**Application and Impact of Information Studies**:
– Information visualization aids in pattern recognition and anomaly detection.
– Information analysis transforms raw data into actionable knowledge.
– Information communication converges informatics, telecommunication, and media.
– Information contributes to various fields like evolutionary biology and human vision.
– Notable works and references provide additional insights into the history and theory of information.