Matter

Definition and Characteristics of Matter:
– Matter is any substance with mass and volume.
– It includes atoms, particles, and substances in various states like solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.
– Matter exhibits wave-particle duality in physics and chemistry.
– Different sciences may define matter differently.
– Hydrogen in the plasma state is the most abundant form of matter in the universe.
– Matter’s quantum nature affects the properties of subatomic particles.
– Mass is a property of matter, not a substance.
– Antimatter is the opposite of matter, not mass.

Chemical Substances and Matter:
– Chemical substances have constant composition and properties.
– They can be elements or compounds.
– Chemical mixtures can be separated to isolate pure substances.
– Chemical substances transition between phases.
– Chemical reactions can convert substances into new ones.

Atomic Basis of Matter:
– Matter is made up of atoms, including charged atoms and molecules.
– It extends to plasmas and electrolytes.
– DNA is an example of matter based on atoms.

Particle Composition of Matter:
– Matter is composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
– It includes substances beyond atoms and molecules.
– Protons and neutrons are made up of quarks and gluons.
– Substances like electron beams and white dwarf matter are included.

Matter in Relation to Elementary Particles and General Relativity:
– Quarks and leptons make up elementary and composite particles.
– Gauge bosons are not considered matter.
– Matter contributes to the energy-momentum, excluding purely gravity components.
– In general relativity, light and massless particles are considered part of matter.
– Matter’s relationship with space is exemplified by white dwarf stars and neutron stars.