Weather

**1. Causes and Impact of Weather:**
– Weather phenomena include wind, cloud, rain, snow, fog, and dust storms.
– Troposphere is where most weather phenomena occur.
– Weather is primarily due to air pressure, temperature, and moisture differences.
– Strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air leads to atmospheric circulation cells and the jet stream.
– Earth’s axis tilt causes sunlight angles to vary, creating seasons.
– Changes in Earth’s orbital parameters affect solar energy distribution and long-term climate.
– Uneven solar heating leads to frontogenesis and weather patterns.
– Weathering is a fundamental process that shapes the Earth’s surface.
– Rainwater’s absorption of carbon dioxide creates slightly acidic conditions aiding erosion.
– Weathering breaks down rocks and soils into smaller fragments.
– Chemical reactions from weathering can lead to the formation of new substances.

**2. Weather Forecasting and Prediction:**
– Weather forecasting uses science and technology to predict atmospheric conditions.
– Earth’s weather system is chaotic, making accurate long-term predictions challenging.
– Small changes in the system can lead to significant effects on the weather.
– Meteorological research aims to improve forecast accuracy.
– Predicting weather beyond a few days is challenging due to the system’s complexity.
– Human input is needed to pick forecast models.
– Factors affecting forecast accuracy.
– Importance of weather warnings for protection.
– End users of weather forecasts in different sectors.

**3. Weather’s Effects on Earth and Beyond:**
– Studying weather on other planets helps understand Earth’s weather patterns.
– Weather is not limited to planetary bodies and extends to stars.
– Solar wind movement affects weather patterns in the Solar System.
– Understanding weather on other planets aids in comprehending Earth’s atmospheric processes.
– Weather constantly experienced by all humans.
– National Weather Service reports on fatalities, injuries, and damages.
– Tornadoes causing the most impact in 2019.
– Weather communication common among people.
– Various understandings of weather effects on humans.

**4. Weather Modification and Extremes:**
– History of weather control attempts.
– Cloud seeding as a successful weather modification technique.
– Human activities causing inadvertent weather modification.
– Effects of anthropogenic pollutants on weather.
– Climate change’s impact on extreme weather events.
– New high temperature records surpassing new low temperature records in recent decades.
– Earth’s temperatures typically range ±40°C annually.
– Coldest air temperature recorded on Earth: −89.2°C at Vostok Station, Antarctica.
– Hottest air temperature recorded: 57.7°C at Aziziya, Libya.
– Highest recorded average annual temperature: 34.4°C at Dallol, Ethiopia.

**5. Microscale Meteorology and Planetary Weather:**
– Study of short-lived atmospheric phenomena.
– Focus on small-scale weather processes.
– Impacts of microscale meteorology on local weather.
– Applications of microscale meteorology in various fields.
– Understanding microscale weather patterns and dynamics.
– Jupiters Great Red Spot is a long-lasting anticyclonic storm.
– Gas giants like Neptune have winds reaching up to 600m/s.
– HD 189733 b has easterly winds at over 9,600 km/h.
– Jupiter’s jet stream is heated by its surface.
– The jet stream of Titan was analyzed.